So our walking tour was baroque themed, specifically a string of works by rival artists Borromini and Bernini that align themselves in a line leading from Pamphilj Palace to Sant'Ignazio, the Jesuit headquarters. The main theme of these works seems to have a lot to do with the Jesuits' mission and a man named Athanasius Kircher (Keer-ker).
First off, the Jesuits were a Catholic order whose main goal at the time was to become God's peaceful soldiers. What this meant was that they took it upon themselves to teach the world about God and also setting up education systems. They believed that knowledge is power, and for this reason many private catholic schools are associated with the Jesuits.
Now, Athanasius Kircher was known as the 'last man who knew everything.' He was a German Jesuit scholar, scientist, inventor, historian, spoke 27 languages and is considered the founder of egyptology. Athanasius Kircher also had a 'wunderkammern' (or room of mysteries) in the Church of Sant'Ignazio. In the wunderkammern he had things like a dried armadillo and various other 'exotic' sundries. Although he was a scientist and a holy man he was still able to make scientific advances without being declared a heretic by claiming that God sent the ideas to him in dreams.
Alrighty, so, background knowledge out of the way... we start in Piazza Navona. In ancien times it was a sports arena that over time fell into ruin. In the 1600s Pope Innocent X decided to move into the area and bring his family with him. He commissioned the building of what is known as the Palazzo Pamphilj (named after his family) and hired Borromini to design the façade. Palazzo Pamphilij's adjoining church, Sant'Agnese in Agone was built to be a smaller, but more perfect, version of the vatican (which Borromini's rival, Bernini, was working on.)
Palazzo Pamphilj
Sant'Agnese in Agone
After hearing of Borromini's success under the patronage of the Pamphilj family Bernini decided to try his hand. He presented Pope Innocent X with a smaller scale (but still massive) model of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of Four Rivers). It depicts the four main rivers of each known continent (Danube, Ganges, Nile, and Rio de la Plata). The central obelisk was transported all the way from Egypt. It signifies that the Pope now has power over the reigning religion, even the pharaohs bowed to him. It is topped by a dove with an olive branch (the symbol of the Pamphilj famly) to show dominance and also serve as a reminder of peace. Pope Innocent X wanted to create a new pax romana (the period of peace and prosperity that occurred under the reign of Augustus Caesar as Imperator of the Roman Empire.) He believed that if he created a time of peace like that, then it would cause the circumstances that would ring about the second coming of Christ (because Christ first came during Augustus' reign.) The rivers of the statue are each reacting to the light of God. The giant palm tree, a nod to Athanasius Kircher's writings, is growing into the direction of the obelisk, God's light. Another Kircher reference is found when one looks upon the animal that represents the Americas. It looks like a dragon or a scaly sea serpent... but in fact it is an armadillo, just like the one in the wunderkammern.
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
Armadillo
So I'm going to post part 2 of this later... because it's a lot of info, but stuff I really enjoy!